Introduction:
The Quran offers a comprehensive framework for embracing diversity and pluralism, emphasizing respect, tolerance, and empathy as essential to fostering peaceful coexistence among diverse cultures, beliefs, and ways of life. By promoting a pluralistic worldview, the Quran encourages dialogue and understanding between people of different faiths, urging individuals to engage with patience and mutual respect. This paper explores how the Quranic principles of diversity, pluralism, tolerance, and empathy can be applied to areas such as interfaith dialogue, community building, and social justice. It examines the interconnectedness of these values, showing how diversity fosters curiosity, leading to understanding, which then triggers empathy, ultimately nurturing tolerance and strengthening communities. Through this lens, the paper aims to demonstrate how these Quranic principles can contribute to building a more peaceful, just, and inclusive world.
The Quran serves as a profound source of guidance for billions of people. Its verses provide timeless spiritual, moral, and ethical insights that address both individual and collective human experiences. However, the interpretation of the Quran—its hermeneutics—holds the key to how its teachings are applied to contemporary life. A humanistic hermeneutics of the Quran, one that emphasizes the universal values of dignity, justice, and compassion, can play a pivotal role in fostering a vision that promotes happiness, peace, and progress for humanity as a whole.
Hermeneutics refers to the art and science of interpretation, particularly of sacred texts. In Islamic tradition, scholars have long engaged in Quranic exegesis to extract meaning from the Quran’s verses. Classical approaches to hermeneutics were deeply embedded in historical, linguistic, and legal contexts, but as the world continues to evolve, so too must the ways in which we approach sacred texts. The challenge lies in interpreting the Quran in ways that speak to the aspirations, challenges, and values of modern society while remaining faithful to its core principles.
A humanistic approach to Quranic hermeneutics seeks to emphasize the dignity and worth of every human being, recognizing that the Quran is not only a spiritual guide but also a source of ethical principles that advocate for human flourishing. By interpreting the Quran through a lens of compassion, empathy, and justice, these hermeneutics can serve as a cornerstone for constructing a more peaceful, just, and progressive world.
Unity in Diversity: Concepts of Fitra and the Primordial Covenant
The Quran offers a profound framework for understanding human diversity and inclusivity, particularly through the concepts of fitra (the natural disposition) and the primordial covenant (Q.7:172). These ideas emphasize the inherent unity of humanity, the individual responsibility of each person, and the diversity that stems from the shared recognition of God. By exploring these themes, we can see how the Quran promotes a vision of religious pluralism and inclusivity.
Quran 7:172 reflects a pivotal moment in Islamic thought, when God took a covenant from the children of Adam:
“And [remember] when your Lord took from the children of Adam, from their loins, their descendants and made them testify of themselves, [saying to them], ‘Am I not your Lord?’ They said, ‘Yes, we have testified.’ [This]—lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection, ‘Indeed, we were of this unaware.'” (Q.7:172)
This verse asserts the fundamental unity of all humanity, originating from a single ancestor, Adam, and bound by a collective acknowledgment of God’s Lordship. This testimony signifies that every human, regardless of their cultural or religious background, has an innate awareness of God and is accountable for their choices and actions. Despite the diversity in human societies, this common spiritual heritage unites all people in their relationship with the Divine.
The covenant highlights the balance between unity and diversity. While humans are united in their acknowledgment of God, they are also diverse in their languages, cultures, and religious expressions. This diversity is not viewed as a contradiction but as part of the divine plan for humanity’s collective existence.
The concept of fitra, as presented in Quran 30:30, further elaborates on the inherent connection between humanity and God:
“So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. [Adhere to] the fitra of Allah upon which He has created [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.” (Q.30:30)
Fitra refers to the original, pure state of human nature, a natural disposition towards recognizing and worshiping God. It is an inherent spiritual compass that guides individuals toward truth. This verse emphasizes that all people are created with this inclination, suggesting that belief in God and the pursuit of truth are universal aspects of the human condition. However, the concept of fitra also acknowledges the diversity of human expressions of faith. Although humans share this innate inclination, the variety in how they understand and practice their relationship with the Divine reflects the rich diversity within humanity. This recognition of multiple paths to truth supports the idea of religious pluralism and mutual respect.
The teachings of the Quran, particularly through the ideas of fitra and the primordial covenant, highlight that diversity is not only a natural part of human existence but also a reflection of God’s wisdom. Human societies are diverse in their beliefs, practices, and cultures, yet they are united in their shared spiritual foundation. The plurality of religious traditions, then, can be seen as a manifestation of the diversity inherent in creation.
This understanding challenges exclusivist views of salvation or religious truth. Instead of seeing one faith as the sole path to God, the Quranic perspective promotes an inclusive understanding of Islam. The acknowledgment of other prophets and revelations, as discussed in previous Quranic verses, affirms that God’s guidance has reached different communities throughout history.
By recognizing the shared human experience of fitra and the primordial covenant, the Quran encourages interfaith dialogue and cooperation. Muslims are called to respect the diversity of religious traditions, viewing them as part of the broader human search for truth. This respect fosters mutual understanding, encourages collaboration, and creates opportunities for building peaceful, inclusive societies.
Furthermore, this inclusive perspective promotes a celebration of diversity as a sign of God’s creative power. Just as humanity is diverse in appearance and culture, so too is it diverse in its approaches to spirituality and faith. This diversity, rather than being a source of division, can be embraced as a means of enriching human relationships and fostering mutual respect. The Quranic concepts of fitra and the primordial covenant provide a coherent framework for understanding human unity and diversity. While all humans share a common spiritual origin and accountability before God, the diversity of their expressions of faith is an essential aspect of their nature. This understanding of diversity encourages an inclusive approach to religion, one that promotes interfaith dialogue, cooperation, and mutual respect. Ultimately, through the shared recognition of God and the diverse ways in which humanity worships and serves Him, the Quran guides believers toward a unified goal: submission to and worship of the One God.
Celebrating Difference: A Vision for Human Coexistence
Quran 2:213 and 10:19 provide essential foundations for a pluralist hermeneutics that embraces human diversity and encourages peaceful coexistence. Quran 2:213 states, “Humanity was [of] one community; then God sent the prophets as bringers of good tidings and warners and sent down with them the Scripture in truth to judge between the people concerning that in which they differed.” This verse acknowledges that, despite humanity’s shared origin, differences in beliefs and practices have naturally emerged over time. Instead of eliminating this diversity, God sent prophets and scriptures to guide people toward righteousness and to resolve conflicts, thus promoting unity within diversity. This guidance serves as a reminder that shared ethical principles, rather than uniformity, should be the foundation for cooperation and dialogue among various communities.
In a similar vein, Quran 10:19 emphasizes that human diversity is part of God’s divine will: “Mankind was not but one community [united], but then they differed. And if not for a word that preceded from your Lord, it would have been judged between them concerning that over which they differ.” This verse underscores that the existence of different nations, traditions, and beliefs is not a deviation from divine intention, but a deliberate aspect of human history. Rather than promoting a singular religious path, the verse affirms that diversity itself serves a divine purpose. This challenges exclusivist claims and calls for respectful engagement with people from different backgrounds. By recognizing that differences enrich humanity’s collective experience, the verse encourages pluralism, wherein diversity is valued as a reflection of divine wisdom.
Additionally, Quran 4:1 reinforces this vision of human unity amidst diversity: “O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate and dispersed from both of them many men and women.” This verse highlights humanity’s shared origin and emphasizes that all people, regardless of their differences, come from the same source. Together with Quran 2:213 and 10:19, this verse promotes a vision of pluralism that celebrates diversity as a natural and essential aspect of human existence. It calls for mutual respect and cooperation, urging individuals to recognize the shared values of justice, compassion, and righteousness that can unite humanity. These verses ultimately inspire a worldview that fosters peaceful coexistence, where differences in faith and culture are seen as opportunities for growth and mutual understanding, guided by the principles of divine wisdom.
A Tapestry of Faith: The Affirmation of Diversity
Quran 2:62, 5:69, and 22:17 are pivotal verses for developing a hermeneutics of diversity and pluralism from the text of the Quran. These verses recognize the validity of other faiths, emphasizing shared values such as belief in God, the Last Day, and righteousness. They imply multiple paths to salvation and encourage cooperation among faith communities.
Quran 5:69 emphasizes the concept of shared values. It states, “Indeed, those who believe in God and the Day of the Resurrection and the angels and the Book and the prophets—they will surely have a reward with their Lord, and there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve.” This verse reiterates the importance of belief in God, the Last Day, angels, the Book (scripture), and the prophets. It suggests that individuals who adhere to these core beliefs will be rewarded by God and will not face fear or grief in the afterlife.
Quran 22:17 provides a call for cooperation among people of different faiths. This verse emphasizes the importance of unity and cooperation among people of different faiths, suggesting that they can work together towards a common goal of righteousness and salvation.
These verses offer a valuable perspective on diversity and pluralism within the Quranic framework. They recognize the validity of other faiths, emphasize shared values, and encourage cooperation among different faith communities. These principles can provide guidance for fostering understanding, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence in a diverse world.
Divine Mandate for Religious Diversity and Coexistence
Quran 22:40 provides a powerful affirmation of religious diversity, emphasizing the importance of coexistence and mutual respect among different faith communities. The verse states, “If God did not check one people by means of another, there would surely have been pulled down monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques, in which the name of Allah is commemorated in abundant measure.”
This verse highlights several key themes: • Recognition of Religious Diversity: The verse explicitly acknowledges the existence of diverse religious spaces, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques. This recognition underscores the importance of respecting and tolerating different faith traditions. • God’s Preservation of Diversity: The verse suggests that God plays a role in preserving religious diversity. It implies that without divine intervention, places of worship belonging to different faiths might have been destroyed. This emphasizes the importance of God’s guidance and protection in fostering religious coexistence. • Importance of Religious Coexistence: The verse underscores the significance of peaceful coexistence among different faith communities. It implies that the preservation of diverse places of worship is essential for maintaining social harmony and stability. • Validation of Diversity as Divine Will: The verse suggests that the diversity of religious faiths is part of God’s divine plan. This challenges claims of religious exclusivity and emphasizes the importance of respecting and tolerating different beliefs. • Mutual Respect and Protection: The verse encourages mutual respect and protection among different faith communities. It implies that individuals and communities should strive to protect and respect the places of worship of others, even if they do not share the same beliefs. The verse challenges the claim of religious exclusivity, suggesting that God’s protection and preservation of diverse faiths is a sign of His wisdom and benevolence. • Promotes Interfaith Dialogue and Cooperation: The verse encourages interfaith dialogue and cooperation, emphasizing the importance of peaceful coexistence among people of different beliefs. Q. 22:40, thus, provides a powerful affirmation of religious diversity and the importance of peaceful coexistence. It challenges claims of religious exclusivity and encourages mutual respect and understanding among people of different faiths. This verse serves as a valuable resource for fostering interfaith dialogue and promoting a more harmonious and inclusive society.
A Call for Moral Discernment and Inclusive Collaboration
Quran 5:2 provides a foundational principle for fostering collaboration and mutual support across diverse groups, encouraging a commitment to righteousness and piety while rejecting sin and aggression. The verse commands, “Help one another in righteousness and piety, but do not help one another in sin and aggression.” This injunction not only underscores the importance of cooperation but also introduces a moral framework that distinguishes between just and unjust actions. By guiding individuals to discern between what is righteous and what is sinful, the verse sets the stage for ethical collaboration among people, regardless of their differences in background or belief.
This verse also acknowledges the complexity of human actions and intentions, recognizing that people often navigate a spectrum of motivations. It emphasizes the need for critical thinking and moral discernment when interacting with others. While encouraging cooperation in virtuous causes, it cautions against becoming complicit in actions that may lead to harm or injustice. This requires individuals to engage in continuous self-reflection and to assess the ethical implications of their actions in different contexts. In this way, Q.5:2 fosters a nuanced understanding of human nature, promoting the development of a moral consciousness that transcends simplistic or absolutist views of right and wrong.
Moreover, the verse promotes an inclusive and contextual approach to interpretation, recognizing the diversity of human experiences and actions. By calling for collaboration in “righteousness and piety,” it leaves room for diverse interpretations of what constitutes virtuous behaviour, allowing for contextualized applications of the verse in different settings. This openness encourages Muslims to engage with diverse groups and perspectives while remaining rooted in ethical principles. Thus, Q.5:2 contributes to a hermeneutic of diversity by advocating for cooperation that is guided by moral clarity, while acknowledging the complexity and plurality of human interactions.
Justice, Compassion, and Pluralism
Quran 60:8-9 presents a critical framework for developing a pluralistic and humanistic interpretation of relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. The verses make a clear distinction between faith and hostility, emphasizing that God does not prohibit kindness or justice toward those who do not oppose Muslims based on religion or displace them from their homes. It reads, “God does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes – from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, God loves those who act justly.” This affirms that peaceful coexistence with people of other faiths, rooted in compassion and righteousness, is both permissible and encouraged in Islam. By distinguishing between aggression and peaceful difference, the verses uphold justice and compassion as universal values that transcend religious boundaries.
Moreover, the verses recognize shared humanity beyond religious differences, offering a condemnation of oppression and harm, regardless of faith. The second part of the passage highlights that God only forbids alliance with those who actively engage in hostility and persecution: “God only forbids you from those who fight you because of religion and expel you from your homes and aid in your expulsion.” This demonstrates that hostility is not based on religious identity but on the actions of aggression and injustice. Thus, the Quran emphasizes that justice and righteousness should guide interactions with others, rejecting blanket hostility based on religious differences. This opens the door for mutual respect, understanding, and peaceful coexistence with non-Muslims, while standing firmly against those who seek to harm others.
By promoting such an inclusive and contextual approach, these verses challenge exclusivist interpretations of Islam and prioritize human dignity and well-being over rigid divisions. The emphasis on justice, compassion, and fairness reflects core values that apply universally, encouraging Muslims to uphold these principles even in diverse and pluralistic societies. Furthermore, the recognition of diversity as natural and acceptable fosters empathy and understanding, creating a strong foundation for interfaith dialogue and collaboration. In this way, Q. 60:8-9 serves as a vital resource for developing an inclusive worldview that honours both religious integrity and shared human values.
Promoting Human Happiness: The Quranic Vision of Well-Being
At the heart of the Quran’s message is the well-being of the individual and society. The Quran consistently calls for the protection of human dignity, the alleviation of suffering, and the pursuit of justice—all of which are essential to achieving happiness. However, happiness in the Quran is not defined by material wealth or worldly success alone but by a deep sense of spiritual fulfilment and ethical living.
Quran 103:1-3 emphasizes the importance of time and human endeavour, warning that humanity is in loss unless they engage in righteous deeds, encourage truth, and practice patience. This reflects the Quranic view that true happiness is found not merely in personal pleasure but in a life dedicated to moral integrity, spiritual growth, and service to others.
A humanistic hermeneutic of the Quran would promote an understanding of happiness that transcends self-interest and materialism. It encourages a life in which personal joy is intertwined with the well-being of others, thereby creating a society rooted in mutual care and respect. By interpreting Quranic principles in a way that prioritizes human dignity, equity, and social justice, we cultivate a collective vision where happiness is seen as a shared experience, nurtured by compassion and cooperation.
Advancing Peace Through Quranic Teachings
Peace (salam) is one of the fundamental objectives of Islam, both on an individual and societal level. The Quran’s message is deeply rooted in the establishment of peace and reconciliation, often calling for the resolution of conflict through dialogue, patience, and forgiveness.
In Q.49:10, the Quran states, “The believers are but one brotherhood, so make peace between your brothers.” This verse underscores the importance of peace-making within the community, emphasizing that peace is a collective responsibility. Furthermore, the Quran promotes principles of justice, urging that peace cannot be sustained without fairness and equity: “O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for God, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives” (4:135).
A humanistic interpretation of the Quran encourages peace not just within the Muslim community, but across all human relationships. By emphasizing the universality of peace and the Quran’s call for justice, these hermeneutics can play a transformative role in conflict resolution, encouraging Muslims and non-Muslims alike to engage in dialogue, build bridges of understanding, and foster global harmony.
Progress, both individual and societal, is a key theme in the Quran. The pursuit of knowledge, the advancement of society, and the betterment of the human condition are consistently emphasized throughout its verses. Q.96:1-5, which begins with the command “Read in the name of your Lord who created”, underscores the importance of learning, inquiry, and intellectual growth. This foundational call to seek knowledge reflects the Quranic encouragement for continuous improvement and the development of human potential.
A humanistic hermeneutics of the Quran would view progress not just in technological or economic terms, but also as moral and ethical advancement. It would interpret the Quran as a guide for improving the quality of life, advocating for social reforms that promote justice, equality, and environmental stewardship. The Quran’s call to establish justice, care for the marginalized, and protect the natural world provides a framework for a progressive vision of society where the focus is on the common good.
For example, Q.2:177 describes righteousness as a holistic concept that involves not only belief but also ethical action: feeding the poor, freeing the oppressed, and upholding justice. By prioritizing the moral imperatives of justice and compassion, these Quranic hermeneutics advocate for progress that is measured by how equitably society treats its most vulnerable members.
A Universal Humanistic Vision Rooted in the Quran
One of the remarkable aspects of the Quran is its emphasis on the shared humanity of all people. In Q.49:13, the Quran declares: “O humanity! We created you from a single pair of male and female and made you into nations and tribes so that you may know one another.” This verse speaks to the inherent diversity of humankind as a reflection of God’s will, calling for unity, mutual respect, and understanding.
A humanistic hermeneutics would interpret this verse as a call for pluralism and the recognition of the intrinsic worth of every individual, regardless of race, ethnicity, or creed. It encourages the view that the differences among people are not a source of division but an opportunity for enrichment and collective progress. Through this lens, the Quran becomes a powerful advocate for a global humanistic vision—one that respects human rights, fosters intercultural dialogue, and upholds the dignity of every person.
The development of a humanistic hermeneutics of the Quran offers immense potential for fostering happiness, peace, and progress in today’s world. By interpreting the Quran in ways that prioritize human dignity, social justice, and ethical advancement, this approach aligns the spiritual and moral teachings of Islam with the universal human quest for well-being and harmony. Through this lens, the Quran becomes not only a spiritual guide for Muslims but also a source of wisdom and inspiration for all who seek to build a more just, peaceful, and compassionate world.
In a time where global challenges demand collective action and mutual understanding, such a hermeneutic can serve as a bridge between diverse communities, encouraging dialogue, fostering empathy, and promoting a shared vision of human flourishing. By drawing on the Quran’s profound ethical teachings, we can cultivate a future where happiness, peace, and progress are within reach for all of humanity.
In many religious and secular traditions, life is often described as a race or competition. From a Quranic perspective, however, life resembles a grand “Olympics of Virtue,” where the prize isn’t material success, but the cultivation of moral and spiritual excellence in the eyes of God. The true battle in this competition is not against others but within—an internal struggle to overcome one’s ego, shortcomings, and weaknesses. The Quran provides a clear roadmap for this inner race, guiding believers toward righteousness and self-betterment, which it presents as humanity’s ultimate purpose.
A Shared Heritage: Affirmation of Divine Guidance Across Faiths
The Quran emphasizes diversity and pluralism as core elements of its message, affirming God’s oneness while recognizing the diversity of prophets, messengers, and scriptures sent to different nations throughout history. This inclusivity highlights the universality of divine guidance, underscoring the unity of the message while respecting the various ways it has been expressed across time and cultures.
Several verses stress the continuity of revelation through different prophets and scriptures, acknowledging the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, and the Scrolls of Moses and Abraham as divinely revealed guidance. Quran 2:136 and 3:84 state: “We make no distinction between any of them,” referring to the prophets and their messages, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. This underscores the unity and equality of all messengers in delivering the same fundamental message: submission to the One God. Quran 21:25 and 16:36 emphasize that every messenger was sent with the core message of monotheism: to worship God alone and reject false deities (taghut).
Taghut, a term often used in Islamic discourse, refers to systems or individuals that perpetuate oppression, exploitation, and injustice. These entities contradict the core Islamic values of justice and compassion. They often usurp divine authority by claiming absolute power, undermining human dignity and agency. In essence, taghut represents forces that hinder human freedom, creativity, and potential, frequently masked in the guise of divine will or tradition.
These entities subvert the true purpose of humanity by prioritizing power, control, and self-interest over the well-being of others.The Quran not only acknowledges but also affirms the authenticity of previous scriptures such as the Torah, Gospel, and Psalms. Quran 5:44 and 5:46 confirm that the Torah and the Gospel contained “guidance and light” for their respective communities. Muslims are encouraged to recognize the divine origin of these scriptures. Furthermore, Quran 5:47 instructs the People of the Gospel to judge by what was revealed in their scripture, demonstrating the Quran’s respect for the validity of prior revelations. This recognition of diversity extends to the scriptural traditions of other faiths, fostering respect and reverence for the divine knowledge granted to other communities. By acknowledging other prophets and scriptures, Islam advocates for global unity and mutual respect among faith traditions.
Quran 2:136 and 3:84 reiterate that no distinction should be made between any of the prophets, marking a profound declaration of equality and inclusion, which positions Islam as inherently pluralistic. The example of the Prophet Muhammad (Q.33:21) serves as a reminder for Muslims to emulate his inclusive approach, striving for balanced and respectful relationships with all who follow divine guidance. The Quran’s recognition of the multiplicity of revelations and the universal message of all prophets promotes harmony among different religious communities.
The Quran emphasizes the universal nature of prophethood, stating that God has sent messengers to all peoples throughout history (Q.10:47, 16:36). While the Quran explicitly names some prophets like Noah, Moses, and Jesus, it also acknowledges that many other prophets were sent whose names are not mentioned (Q.4:164). This leaves open the possibility that figures revered in other religious traditions, such as Krishna, Rama, Buddha, and Mahavira, could also be considered prophets sent to guide humanity toward God. By recognizing the plurality of prophets, Islam fosters a worldview that is inclusivist and pluralist, recognizing the divine wisdom that may have been shared with different communities across time and space. Similarly, Islam reveres the scriptures revealed before the Quran, such as the Torah and the Injeel (Gospels) (Q.3:3-4, 5:46), highlighting the respect Islam affords to earlier revelations. Extending this respect to the sacred texts of other religious traditions, such as the Hindus (Gita, Vedas, Upanishads) the Buddhists (Pali Canon, Mahayana sutras) or the Zoroastrians (Avesta, Gathas) aligns with the spirit of Islamic inclusivity. These texts, like the Torah and the Gospels, could be seen as bearers of divine wisdom tailored to the needs and understanding of their respective communities. This perspective not only fosters interfaith harmony but also reflects the idea that God’s guidance is universal, transcending particular religious identities and encompassing all of humanity in a shared spiritual journey.
In essence, the Quranic teachings on pluralism affirm that while God’s message is universal, it has been revealed in diverse ways across various times and places. This understanding encourages mutual respect, coexistence, and recognition of the shared heritage among Abrahamic and other revealed traditions. Through this diversity, humanity is guided toward a unified goal: submission to and worship of the One God.
Life as a Test: The Purpose of Existence
The Quran underscores the spiritual purpose of life, contrasting with the materialistic values that often dominate society today. Q.67:2 lays the foundation for this understanding: “He who created death and life to test you as to which of you is best in deed.” This verse frames life as a divinely orchestrated trial, where success is measured not by wealth, status, or fame, but by the quality of one’s actions. In this “test,” virtues and good deeds, rather than worldly achievements, become the true measures of success.
The verse implies that the challenges in life are purposeful, designed to reveal one’s moral and spiritual character. The phrase “to test you as to which of you is best in deed” emphasizes that the goal is not outward achievement but inner ethical and spiritual progress. It calls on people to rise above superficial goals and focus on the cultivation of righteousness, humility, and submission to God’s will.
The Nature of the Contest
In this grand contest of life, the Quran encourages competition, but not in worldly affairs. Instead, it urges believers to race toward moral excellence and righteousness. This theme is reflected in three key Quranic verses:
1. Quran 2:148: “So race to [all that is] good. Wherever you may be, God will bring you forth [for judgment] all together.”
This verse encourages a personal race toward good deeds, emphasizing that the competition is not about outperforming others but about striving for moral excellence in one’s own life.
2. Quran 5:48: “For each [community] We have appointed a law and a way of life, and if God had so willed, He could have made you one community, but [He intended] to test you in what He has given you; so race to [all that is] good.”
While acknowledging the diversity of communities and paths, this verse emphasizes the universal nature of the competition for righteousness, as all people are tested according to the moral frameworks provided to them.
3. Quran 23:61: “Those who hasten to good deeds, and they outstrip [others] therein.”
Here, the urgency of pursuing good deeds is highlighted, urging believers not just to act but to do so with sincerity and commitment. The Quranic concept of competition, therefore, is a deeply personal, internal struggle. It is not about seeking superiority over others, but about confronting one’s own weaknesses and striving to attain righteousness.
A Call for Tolerance and Respect
Quran 6:108 proclaims, “Do not revile those whom they invoke other than Allah, because they will revile Allah in ignorance out of spite. For We have indeed made the deeds of every people seem fair to them.” This verse underscores the values of respect, tolerance, and the importance of refraining from casting insults upon the beliefs and deities of others.
The verse insightfully addresses human psychology and social behaviour, recognizing the natural tendency for people to retaliate when their personal beliefs are disrespected. It reflects a nuanced understanding of how emotional reactions to perceived insults can escalate conflict. By acknowledging the diversity of beliefs within society, the verse encourages coexistence founded on the bedrock of mutual respect. This forward-thinking approach emphasizes the need to curb impulsive reactions and maintain social harmony, particularly in matters of faith.
Moreover, the verse promotes deeper understanding and acceptance of different cultural and religious practices, helping to foster the development of a pluralistic society. By advocating respect for the faiths of others, it lays the foundation for constructive interfaith dialogue and cooperation, paving the way for peaceful interactions and meaningful exchanges between different belief systems.
The verse advocates for peaceful coexistence among individuals of various faiths, creating the groundwork for social harmony. Implicitly, it supports the principle of freedom of religion, affirming every individual’s right to choose and practice their beliefs without fear of persecution. In doing so, it reinforces the values of personal autonomy and freedom in spiritual matters.
By encouraging respect for others’ beliefs, the verse promotes empathy and understanding. It serves as a reminder that individuals are ultimately accountable to God for their actions, fostering a sense of personal responsibility in how one interacts with people of different faiths. This concept of personal accountability aligns with the broader notion of moral responsibility within society, encouraging ethical behaviour and mutual respect.
Quran 6:108, thus, provides a powerful message of tolerance, respect, and understanding. By emphasizing the importance of refraining from insulting the beliefs of others, the verse promotes peaceful coexistence and fosters a more harmonious society. It encourages individuals to cultivate empathy, respect, and personal responsibility in their interactions with people of different faiths.
Diversity and Pluralism: A Framework for Virtuous Competition
The Quran recognizes the diversity of human communities and their respective paths, viewing this diversity as a divine test. Quran 5:48 acknowledges that different communities have been given different moral frameworks but encourages them to “race to all that is good,” implying that despite differences, the goal of moral and spiritual excellence is shared across humanity.
Quran 49:13 echoes this theme of pluralism: “O humanity! We created you from a single (pair) of male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know each other.” This verse emphasizes that diversity is not a reason for division but an opportunity for mutual understanding and respect. The Arabic phrase li ta’arafu (to know one another) is a call for engagement, cooperation, and moral competition in the pursuit of good. Li ta’arafu, as a Quranic imperative, provides a robust framework for embracing diversity and pluralism. By recognizing the divine intent behind human diversity and striving for mutual understanding, individuals can cultivate a culture of empathy, respect, and inclusivity. Integrating li ta’arafu principles into educational curricula has the potential to foster a generation of empathetic, open-minded, and inclusive individuals. By developing and implementing these initiatives, we can cultivate a culture of understanding and mutual respect.
The recognition of human diversity within the Quran reflects the pluralistic nature of the “Olympics of Virtue.” While people may follow different paths, all are invited to strive for righteousness, thereby fostering mutual respect and cooperation between communities.
The Quran portrays life as a cosmic “Olympics of Virtue,” where the real victory is overcoming the ego, cultivating righteousness, and aligning one’s actions with divine guidance. Success in this competition is not marked by material rewards or worldly recognition but by spiritual closeness to the Creator and moral integrity. It calls believers to rise above selfish desires, to focus on their inner moral development, and to engage in a lifelong pursuit of righteousness.
In this Quranic view, life’s test is universal, transcending race, creed, and social status. The real challenge is to purify the soul, embody virtues like patience, generosity, and justice, and seek divine satisfaction above all else. By doing so, one can attain a sense of spiritual fulfilment, achieving the ultimate victory in this cosmic race for virtue.
The Real Rivalry: Against the Self
In the Quran, the true competition is against the nafs, or ego, which can be the source of pride, envy, greed, and other moral flaws. Overcoming the ego is a central theme in the Quran’s vision of moral competition.
1. Purifying the Soul:
Quran 91:9-10 states, “He has succeeded who purifies it [the soul], and he has failed who instils it [with corruption].”
This verse highlights the importance of purifying the soul, making life’s competition a constant effort to rid oneself of moral impurities and align the soul with divine guidance. Success in this contest is marked by the purification of the soul and mastery over the ego.
2. Self-Improvement and Accountability:
In Q.59:18, the Quran advises, “O you who have believed, fear God. And let every soul look to what it has put forth for tomorrow.”
This verse stresses the need for constant self-examination and accountability. The competition is a personal one, with every individual responsible for their actions and their efforts to improve and draw closer to God’s guidance.
The Quran emphatically warns against the idolatry of the ego, emphasizing the importance of avoiding self-worship and ego-centeredness. Several verses, such as “Have you seen the one who takes his own desires as his god?” (Q.25:43), highlight the dangers of prioritizing personal desires over divine guidance. By heeding these warnings, believers can cultivate a humble and sincere relationship with God. This requires avoiding the ego-driven tendency to monopolize truth and recognizing the diversity of God’s guidance across cultures and traditions. We have to emphasize humility in interpreting the Quranic call for a rejection of spiritual arrogance and an embrace of the diversity of God’s guidance across cultures and traditions. If believers are to cultivate a sincere relationship with God, they must avoid imposing their own desires, biases, and cultural norms on the divine message. By embracing humility and self-transcendence, Muslims can cultivate an inclusive and pluralist outlook that honours the sacred texts and spiritual leaders of other faiths, whether it be Krishna, Buddha, or the teachings of the Vedas and the Pali Canon. This approach fosters spiritual solidarity and contributes to a more harmonious and inclusive world.
Thus, the true contest in life is an ongoing process of self-improvement, where patience, honesty, generosity, and justice become essential virtues. These traits are not merely personal goals but foundations for a just society. Q.2:177 explains that true righteousness goes beyond outward religious acts and encompasses ethical living, including feeding the poor, upholding justice, and demonstrating compassion.
A Quranic Perspective on Interfaith Dialogue
The Quran 29:46 proclaims: “Argue not with the People of the Book except in the fairest manner, unless it be those of them that are utterly unjust. Say to them: “We believe in what was revealed to us and what was revealed to you. One is our God and your God; and we are those who submit ourselves to Him.””
Q.29:46 provides valuable guidance for engaging in respectful and peaceful dialogue with people of other faiths, particularly those referred to as “People of the Book” (Jews, Christians and other holders of divine texts). The verse encourages mutual respect and understanding, emphasizing the commonality of faith in one God and the shared prophetic heritage. The verse advises against argumentative approaches, instead promoting gracious and respectful discussion. It recognizes that differences exist between various faiths but encourages focusing on common ground rather than contentious issues. The exception clause “except with those of them who act wrongfully” is often interpreted as cautioning against responding to hostility or aggression. The verse prioritizes peaceful engagement, even in the face of disagreement or adversity. The declaration “Our God and your God is One” reaffirms the Quranic emphasis on monotheism and divine unity. The phrase “to Him we fully submit” underscores the importance of surrendering to God’s will, transcending sectarian divisions. These interpretations encourage Muslims to engage with People of the Book in a spirit of mutual respect, understanding, and peaceful coexistence, reflecting Islam’s values of tolerance and pluralism.
Quranic Key Principles of Dialogue
The Quran provides valuable guidelines on how to engage in conversations with people of other faiths, particularly those referred to as “People of the Book” (Jews, Christians, and other scripture-based faiths). These principles emphasize respect, courtesy, and a focus on commonalities:
• Respect and Courtesy: Treat others with dignity and respect, even if you disagree with their beliefs. (Quran 16:125, 29:46)
• Focus on Commonalities: Highlight shared values and beliefs to build bridges of understanding. (Quran 3:64, 28:52-53)
• Avoid Arguments and Disputes: Engage in constructive dialogue and avoid heated debates. (Quran 3:61, 16:125)
• Invite to God with Wisdom: Share your beliefs in a respectful and persuasive manner. (Quran 3:144, 16:125)
• Listen Actively: Pay attention to others’ perspectives and show genuine interest in their views. (Q.20:44, 50:37)
• Be Patient and Calm: Maintain composure and avoid losing your temper, even in challenging conversations. (Quran 3:186, 31:17)
• Avoid Insulting or Mocking Beliefs: Respect the beliefs of others, even if you do not agree with them. (Quran 6:108, 42:15)
By following these principles, individuals can engage in meaningful interfaith dialogue and promote understanding, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence.
Pluralistic Reflections on Tawhid, Shirk, Jihad, Kafir, Khairat, Khalifa, Adl, and Taqwa
The Quran emphasizes that the rejection of ‘Tawhid’ (the oneness of God) is deeply connected to social and economic oppression. It highlights how the denial and ignorance of ‘Tawhid’ contributed to social and economic injustice in Meccan society (Q. 83:1-11, 102:1-8, 104:1-4). ‘Tawhid’ is not just a theological affirmation of God’s unity, but also a socio-political commitment to justice and equality. In Mecca, the rejection of ‘Tawhid’ manifested as idolatry (‘shirk’), where the worship of multiple gods and goddesses mirrored a fragmented and oppressive social structure. This resulted in economic exploitation, with the wealthy elite amassing wealth and power at the expense of the marginalized. It also reinforced social inequality, where the powerful oppressed the weak, disregarding the inherent dignity and worth of all individuals.
‘Shirk’—the act of associating partners with God—extends beyond traditional interpretations of polytheism or idol worship. It represents any form of allegiance, devotion, or value system that rivals or replaces our devotion to the One God, undermining the ethical principles of justice, equality, and compassion that are central to Islamic teachings. At its core, ‘shirk’ is not limited to worshiping multiple gods or idols; it also includes allegiance to systems of injustice, oppression, and exploitation. The Quran condemns any form of worship or allegiance that distracts from devotion to God, such as when wealth, power, or social status is elevated above human dignity: “Do not associate anything with God; indeed, associating others with Him is a great injustice.” (Q. 31:13)
Here, ‘shirk’ is framed as injustice (zulm), which suggests that systemic inequalities and oppressions—whether they be economic exploitation, racism, or social hierarchies—can be considered modern forms of ‘shirk’. Devotion to such unjust systems or privileging wealth and power over the well-being of others reflects a violation of the Quranic principle of justice. ‘Shirk’ also occurs when material wealth, status, or personal desires are given priority over moral and spiritual responsibilities. The Quran warns against this kind of attachment to worldly possessions and personal ego: “But you prefer the worldly life, while the Hereafter is better and more enduring.” (Q. 87:16-17)
When individuals prioritize wealth accumulation, consumption, or their own egos over collective well-being, they fall into a form of ‘shirk’. Self-aggrandizement, narcissism, and an insatiable desire for material gain are forms of idolatry because they replace God’s guidance with personal ambition and greed. The Quran repeatedly calls for unity and solidarity among all human beings, but shirk can manifest as an excessive prioritization of group identities—such as nationalism, tribalism, or sectarianism—over our shared humanity. When these group loyalties become more important than the universal values of justice, compassion, and equality, they become modern-day idols (Q. 49:13). This verse emphasizes that righteousness, not national or tribal identity, determines one’s nobility in the sight of God. When people prioritize their group identity to the exclusion or oppression of others, they commit ‘shirk’ by worshiping their tribe or nation over the divine principles of unity and justice.
Another form of ‘shirk’ in contemporary society involves the idolization of wealth, material consumption, and luxury. The Quran warns against placing material possessions above spiritual and ethical responsibilities: “The mutual rivalry for piling up worldly things diverts you, until you visit the graves.” (Q. 102:1-2) In a consumer-driven culture, the relentless pursuit of material goods can overshadow the pursuit of spiritual growth and social responsibility. This focus on consumption and the accumulation of wealth, at the expense of ethical living and environmental care, can be seen as a form of ‘shirk’—the elevation of materialism to a status rivalling or surpassing devotion to God. ‘Shirk’ can also take the form of claiming absolute truth or certainty, particularly in ways that marginalize or ignore the diverse perspectives and experiences of others.
The Quran calls for humility in matters of knowledge: “And of knowledge, you have been given but little.” (Q. 17:85) To claim that one’s understanding of truth is the only valid one, and to reject the possibility of other interpretations or experiences, is to set oneself up as a rival to God’s wisdom. In this way, absolutism and rigid dogmatism can become forms of shirk, as they imply that human constructs of truth are on par with divine knowledge. One of the essential concepts of Islamic theology is the unity of creation, reflecting the oneness of God. ‘Shirk’ involves failing to recognize this interconnectedness and unity by privileging certain parts of creation—whether it be wealth, ego, or power—over others: “To God belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth, and sufficient is God as Disposer of affairs.” (Q. 4:171) When individuals or societies elevate their own interests or constructs above the well-being of the larger whole, they disrupt the unity of creation and fall into shirk. This includes the idolatry of power, privilege, and selfish desire, which fragment the harmonious balance of existence that is reflective of God’s oneness.
Finally, ‘shirk’ can also be seen in the prioritization of human-made systems—whether political, economic, or social—over divine guidance. When these constructs are given precedence over ethical principles laid out by God, they become idols. The Quran warns: “Do not make another god besides Allah.” (Q. 7:180)
Any time human constructs—such as capitalism, nationalism, or personal desire—are placed above divine principles of justice, compassion, and mercy, they become forms of ‘shirk’. These systems, when worshiped or followed uncritically, can lead to the oppression and exploitation of others, which is a violation of the unity and justice that ‘Tawhid’ (the oneness of God) demands. ‘Shirk’ is far more than the worship of idols or multiple gods. It encompasses any form of allegiance, devotion, or value system that rivals or replaces our devotion to God, including systems of oppression, materialism, nationalism, and egoism. Rooted in the Quranic injunctions against associating partners with God, this expanded view of ‘shirk’ calls for humility, justice, and recognition of the unity and interconnectedness of all creation.
The Quranic call to ‘Jihad’ is exemplified in verses such as: “Why should you not fight in the cause of God and for those who, being weak, are oppressed?” (Q. 4:75) Jihad is a struggle against oppression, injustice, and exploitation, regardless of the perpetrator’s faith. It encompasses efforts to promote compassion, empathy, and human dignity. Inner Jihad (jihad al-nafs) refers to the personal struggle against ego, greed, and selfishness, while Outer Jihad addresses the collective fight against systemic injustice and oppression. Jihad also involves standing in solidarity with marginalized communities, calling on Muslims to support and amplify the struggles of the oppressed. This struggle is not exclusive to Muslims; people of all faiths, or none, can engage in this pursuit of justice, as it recognizes shared human values and moral imperatives that unite diverse faith traditions.
‘Kafir’ is not simply someone who does not identify as a Muslim or follows a different faith. Instead, the term is interpreted based on one’s actions and ethical behaviour, rather than religious labels. ‘kufr’ is not defined by one’s adherence to Islam or rejection of specific religious doctrines, but rather by actions that oppose fundamental ethical principles such as justice, compassion, and human dignity. Those who engage in oppression, exploitation, or deny the rights of others might be considered to embody ‘kufr’ regardless of their religious identity. The Quran criticizes the ‘kafir’ not for differing religious beliefs but for rejecting divine principles like truth, justice, and equality (Q.2:170, 5:42). The ‘kafir’ is someone who turns away from the message of justice and opposes the liberation of the oppressed, whether that opposition is expressed through denial of God or unethical actions.
The term ‘kafir’ is not applied to people of other faiths (e.g., Christians, Jews, Hindus) simply because they hold different religious beliefs. Instead, emphasis is placed on the shared values between different faith traditions, such as striving for justice and compassion. The Quran’s positive references to People of the Book (ahl al-kitab) further support this inclusive view. The term ‘kafir’ is seen as a label for those who actively resisted justice. ‘kafir’ is redefined as a term referring to those who oppose or reject the ethical values central to Islam—such as justice, equality, and compassion—regardless of their religious affiliation. It moves away from a rigid doctrinal meaning and toward a broader, morally grounded understanding.
In Arabic, “khairat” translates to “goodness,” encompassing the pursuit of minimizing disorder and maximizing efficiency in human systems, aligned with ecological principles. This concept resonates with Islamic values of ‘khalifah’ (stewardship) and ‘adl’ (justice), emphasizing humanity’s responsibility to care for the environment and ensure its sustainability. “We have certainly honoured the children of Adam… [and] made them successors (khalifah) on the earth.” (Q. 17:70) “Do not commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption.” (Q. 2:60)
“Khairat” encompasses the principles of minimizing entropy and disorder, thereby reducing pollution, waste, and resource depletion to prevent environmental degradation. Additionally, it involves maximizing efficiency through the implementation of sustainable practices in agriculture, industry, and energy production. Furthermore, “Khairat” mitigates harm by lowering carbon emissions, reducing deforestation, and safeguarding biodiversity.
The concept of ‘khalifah’ emphasizes humanity’s stewardship role in caring for the earth and its resources. ‘Adl’ requires fair and equitable treatment of the earth, ensuring future generations inherit a sustainable world. By embracing ‘khairat’, individuals and communities contribute to a more sustainable and just world, upholding Islamic values by recognizing humanity’s responsibility as stewards of the earth. This includes prioritizing environmental sustainability and social justice, and embodying compassion, fairness, and wisdom in interactions with the natural world. The integration of ‘khairat’, ‘khalifah’, and ‘adl’ offers a comprehensive Islamic framework for environmental stewardship, guiding humanity toward a harmonious coexistence with nature.
‘Taqwa’ (often translated as “God-consciousness” or “piety”) goes beyond a personal spiritual quality and becomes a guiding principle for ethical behaviour, social justice, and care for creation. This interpretation aligns with a holistic understanding of Islam, emphasizing universal values that transcend religious, cultural, and social boundaries.
‘Taqwa’ starts with the awareness of God’s constant presence and nearness: “Indeed, We have created man, and We know what his soul whispers to him, and We are closer to him than his jugular vein.” (Q. 50:16) This verse emphasizes God’s intimate knowledge of human beings and their inner thoughts, fostering a sense of accountability and mindfulness. In a pluralist view, this awareness invites all people—regardless of faith tradition—to live in a way that reflects God’s closeness through acts of compassion and justice.
Taqwa involves a deep sense of responsibility for one’s actions and their impact on others. It encourages individuals to act justly, with fairness and empathy (Q. 4:135, 5:8). This commitment to justice is a central aspect of ‘taqwa’. Justice is not limited to Muslims but is a universal responsibility that transcends religious boundaries. It invites solidarity with oppressed and marginalized groups, emphasizing that all humans are bound by a shared moral duty to uphold justice. ‘Taqwa’ also extends to how humans interact with the natural world and each other.
The Quran calls for compassion and care for all living beings: “Do good as God has done good to you. And desire not corruption in the land. Indeed, God does not like corrupters.” (Q. 28:77) In this view, ‘taqwa’ involves stewardship of the Earth and its resources, recognizing the interconnectedness between human beings and the environment. This perspective resonates with modern concerns about environmental justice and the ethical treatment of the planet, framing ecological care as a religious duty rooted in ‘taqwa’.
The pluralist understanding of ‘taqwa’ breaks down hierarchies and exclusivist interpretations. It stresses the inherent dignity of all human beings, as highlighted in the Quran (Q. 49:13). This verse underscores that ‘taqwa’, not race, class, or religious identity, is the measure of a person’s worth before God. It promotes an inclusive worldview that celebrates diversity and mutual respect among all people. In this interpretation, ‘taqwa’ calls for recognition of the shared dignity of every individual, encouraging Muslims to work toward a world where human rights and equality are upheld for all.
‘Taqwa’ is not restricted to Muslims but is a universal quality accessible to all who seek to live ethically and justly. It transcends exclusivist boundaries, inviting people of different faiths and beliefs to participate in a collective striving for justice, compassion, and care for the Earth (Q. 2:62). ‘Taqwa’ is, thus, a profound ethical principle that calls for mindfulness of God, accountability, and justice. It emphasizes shared human dignity, environmental stewardship, and compassion for all of creation. Rather than an exclusivist notion tied to specific religious practices, ‘taqwa’ becomes a unifying call for ethical living and collective responsibility, reflecting the Quran’s universal moral vision.
Diversity: The Cornerstone of Human Curiosity and Peaceful Coexistence
Diversity plays a crucial role in shaping human curiosity, which in turn serves as the bedrock for greater understanding, engagement, and ultimately, peaceful coexistence. The journey towards this end begins with exposure to diversity, a catalyst for curiosity, leading to the pursuit of knowledge and fostering empathy and collaboration.
1. Exposure Sparks Curiosity:
Exposure to diverse cultures, ideas, and experiences sets the wheels in motion by activating the brain’s reward system. Research by Kuhn & Gallinat (2014) shows that encountering novelty stimulates dopamine release, which paves the way for a sense of reward, encouraging exploration. This biological response explains why people naturally gravitate towards learning more about unfamiliar things when exposed to diverse environments.
2. Curiosity Drives Understanding:
When individuals confront novel or conflicting information, they experience cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957), an internal tension that pushes them to dig deeper and resolve inconsistencies. As curiosity intensifies, people become more open-minded, which breaks down barriers and allows them to appreciate alternative viewpoints (Rokeach, 1954). This open-mindedness is key to personal growth, facilitating learning and understanding.
3. Active Listening Enhances Empathy:
Engaging with diverse perspectives through active listening helps clear up misunderstandings and fosters empathy (Bodenhausen et al., 1994). By lending an ear and fully considering others’ points of view, individuals can shatter stereotypes and better understand the nuances of different lived experiences. Perspective-taking, as Davis (1983) notes, enables individuals to “step into the shoes” of others, deepening empathy and broadening horizons.
4. Understanding Leads to Tolerance and Innovation:
As individuals cultivate understanding, tolerance and acceptance naturally follow. Stephan & Stephan (2000) argue that understanding others breaks down fear and fosters appreciation, which is essential for societal cohesion. Moreover, diverse perspectives set the stage for interdisciplinary approaches to problem-solving (Klein, 1990). Diverse teams have been shown to generate innovative solutions more effectively than homogenous ones, pushing the envelope in terms of creativity and progress.
5. Collaboration Strengthens Communities:
Increased understanding through diversity promotes participation and collaboration within communities. Collaborative learning environments open the door for the exchange of ideas and fuel innovation (Johnson & Johnson, 2010). As individuals engage with diverse networks, they contribute to the collective pool of knowledge, which benefits everyone involved (Putnam, 2000). This participation cements social cohesion, laying the foundation for collective progress (Hogg et al., 2013).
6. Social Cohesion and Peaceful Coexistence:
Engagement in diverse communities fosters mutual respect, trust, and a greater capacity to resolve conflicts (Brewer, 1999; De Dreu et al., 2000). By developing empathy and actively engaging with others, individuals gain skills that set the stage for peaceful mediation and inclusive decision-making (Fung & Wright, 2003). These processes contribute to social justice and create the conditions necessary for lasting peace and harmonious coexistence.
Thus, diversity quenches curiosity, igniting a torrent of benefits: deeper understanding, innovative solutions, social engagement, and ultimately, peaceful coexistence. This virtuous cycle reinforces itself as increased understanding encourages broader participation, which further enriches the tapestry of perspectives, driving both individual and collective progress forward.
Vision for a Peaceful and Inclusive Society through the Acceptance of Diversity
In conclusion, the Quran’s teachings on diversity and pluralism offer a profound and comprehensive framework for fostering peaceful coexistence in an increasingly interconnected world. By encouraging respect, tolerance, and empathy, the Quran guides individuals and communities towards embracing differences and engaging in constructive dialogue. This paper has highlighted how these principles can be applied across various domains of life, including interfaith relations, community building, and social justice, reinforcing the idea that diversity is a source of strength. As individuals recognize and appreciate the interconnectedness of these values, they can actively contribute to nurturing understanding and empathy within their communities. This, in turn, promotes a culture of tolerance, deepens bonds among people of different backgrounds, and supports efforts to achieve social justice. Ultimately, the Quran’s message encourages humanity to move beyond mere coexistence, toward a world that celebrates diversity and works collaboratively to build a more inclusive, peaceful, and equitable society.
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(V.A. Mohamad Ashrof is an independent Indian scholar of Islamic humanism. He writes with a passion for developing Quranic hermeneutics that prioritize human well-being, peace, and progress. His work inspires the creation of a just society, fosters critical thinking, and promotes inclusive discourse and peaceful coexistence. He receives his mail at [email protected])
His recent books include “Al-Ghazali: An Enlightened Critique” available from Amazon through the link: https://www.amazon.in/dp/B0D92XZQ96?&linkCode=sl1&tag=epublica0e-21&linkId=fbe81b6503a1f5b493edd55dbbc9aa47&language=en_IN&ref_=as_li_ss_tl
