Identity and Symbols: How Visibility Shapes Indian Politics

In India, politics is shaped not just by ideologies and policies, but by identity—how people see themselves and how they are seen by others. Whether caste, religion, language, or gender, these markers of identity influence political discourse, often in ways that transcend traditional power dynamics. Visibility—being seen and recognized—has become a critical part of political struggle, as marginalized groups demand their place in the national conversation. This article explores how identity and symbols are central to India’s political landscape, examining the ways in which marginalized communities assert their presence through visible symbols, figures, and cultural movements.

Visual Politics: Symbols and the Power of Presence Indian politics has long been defined by the use of symbols that carry deep meaning. From the saffron of the BJP to the blue of Ambedkar’s movement, symbols provide a way to express political identity. These visual markers are more than just cultural—they are assertions of power and pride.

Regional pride, too, is expressed through such symbols. In West Bengal, Subhas Chandra Bose’s image is invoked by both the Trinamool Congress and the BJP to energize Bengali nationalism. Similarly, in Telangana, Komaram Bheem’s legacy, revived through films like RRR, has become a symbol of regional and pan-Indian resistance, particularly among marginalized communities.

In local movements, symbols such as the farmer’s turban or the artisan’s loom provide a personal and authentic way to assert political identity. These symbols aren’t just about representation; they’re about claiming a place in the national narrative, and ensuring communities that have long been overlooked are recognized.

A recent example of such identity politics is the controversy surrounding Maharana Sanga, a revered Rajput figure in Rajasthan. The controversy erupted when Samajwadi Party MP Ramji Lal Suman labeled Maharana Sanga a “traitor” for allegedly inviting Babur to defeat Sultan Ibrahim Lodi. Maharana Sanga, considered a symbol of Rajput pride and resistance, became the focal point of protests not only in Rajasthan, but across India. The backlash underscored the significant role historical figures play in shaping modern political identity, particularly when regional pride is at stake.

Caste and Visibility: Statues, Heroes, and Representation Caste remains a defining factor in India’s political landscape. The erection of statues and the commemoration of historical figures have become potent symbols of political identity for Dalit and marginalized communities. In Maharashtra, statues of figures like Jyotirao Phule and Savitribai Phule go beyond commemoration—they are declarations of dignity and a challenge to the historical erasure of these communities.

Similarly, in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, communities like the Pasis and Nishads are asserting their place in history by commemorating their own heroes. These actions are not just symbolic; they represent a larger demand for recognition and political representation.

Tribal communities in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also use art and cultural forms, such as Gond art, to make political statements. Through these forms of cultural expression, these communities are asserting their identity and demanding a stake in India’s democratic future.

Religion and Political Identity Religion has always been intertwined with politics in India, but it is often through symbols that religious identities are politicized. The Ram Janmabhoomi movement, for example, is not just a religious issue; it became a rallying cry for millions of Hindus, reshaping the political landscape. Similarly, in Kerala, the Sabarimala controversy highlighted how religious symbols can be used to address broader issues of gender, tradition, and modernity.

For the Sikh community, the turban and kirpan are powerful symbols of resistance, unity, and resilience. These symbols carry deep historical significance and continue to be invoked in the fight for justice and human rights.

Gender and the Struggle for Visibility Women across India are increasingly asserting their presence in the political sphere. In Tamil Nadu, political movements revive historical figures like Kannagi and Velu Nachiyar to reframe narratives of women’s power. In Rajasthan, female sarpanches are challenging patriarchy by removing the ghoonghat (veil) in public, making a bold political statement about gender equality and authority.

In the Northeast, women use traditional festivals and motifs to reshape the political narrative, asserting their agency in a rapidly changing society. Irom Sharmila’s hunger strike against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Manipur stands as a powerful symbol of resistance, highlighting how women use their visibility to challenge state oppression and demand justice.

Digital Platforms and Visibility in the Internet Age The rise of social media has created new spaces for marginalized communities to assert their identity. Platforms like Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube allow individuals to tell their own stories, remix cultural traditions, and push for political change. In Jharkhand and Odisha, Adivasi creators use these platforms to share their history and engage in cultural resistance.

Similarly, in the Northeast, digital spaces provide tribal students with a platform to voice issues like linguistic discrimination and police brutality. These online communities have become critical spaces for political engagement, turning the digital world into an extension of traditional activism.

Hashtags like #DalitLivesMatter and #MeToo have transcended digital spaces, connecting local struggles to global movements for equality and justice.

Popular Culture and Political Feeling Indian cinema has long played a significant role in shaping the political landscape. Films like Article 15 confront issues like caste discrimination, using storytelling to bring attention to systemic injustices. In Assam and Bengal, traditional theater forms like bhaona and jatra have been used to critique social and political issues, making complex political matters more accessible.

Through popular culture, abstract political ideas are translated into lived experiences, shaping the political imagination of the people.

Conclusion Visibility is now a central component of political power in India. Whether through statues, social media posts, or cultural expressions, marginalized communities are asserting their presence and demanding recognition. Symbols of caste, religion, gender, and region are not just cultural markers—they are critical tools in the ongoing struggle for political power and dignity. As communities continue to claim their place in the national narrative, the politics of visibility will remain a defining feature of India’s evolving democracy.

Ashish Singh has finished his Ph.D. coursework in political science from the NRU-HSE, Moscow, Russia. He has previously studied at Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway; and TISS, Mumbai.