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India
Hot News From Haryana
The news from Haryana is certainly a vast disappointment. In some ways it looks like a re-play of what happened in MP during the 2023 round of assembly elections.CM Kamal…
Congress needs a caste census of its party structure to build new leadership from the margin
Haryana election results have again highlighted the serious crisis in the Congress Party and the limitations of the regional kshatraps. Congress once ruled through regional kshatraps but that was the…
Victory of Class Politics in Kulgam, Kashmir
In the international sphere, an orgy of imperialist violence and wars on multiple fronts is unleashed on the world's population to divide people on religious and nationalist lines, destabilise peace,…
Haryana & J&K Election Results Defy Predictions and…
Politically, results of Haryana and Jammu & Kashmir Assembly Elections may be viewed as significant from several angles. In case of Haryana polls, the instant reaction is that of these…
How the BJP’s Haryana Win Could Shape Elections in Maharashtra and Jharkhand?
In the recent Haryana Elections, the BJP appears to be defying all the exit polls, most of which predicted a significant Congress victory. Even before the final results were tallied,…
The children of PVTG communities must not be deprived of food security; Reopen the creches immediately
It is a matter of grave concern that the government of Odisha has unilaterally stopped the three-year-long Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) nutrition development programme (A community based creche program)…
World
Somalia Is Becoming Africa’s Lebanon
The Horn of Africa, a region once described by Jeffrey Lefebvre as one of the world’s most “highly penetrated regional subsystems”, is on the brink of a dangerous turn as…
History’s Lessons for Peace are More Relevant Today than ever before
Human history has often been presented as a long succession of kings and their battles for thrones, so you can’t really blame those who end up imbibing an overwhelming sense…
Russia aligns with Iran, war clouds scatter
Israel has apparently shelved its planned attack on Iran. A combination of circumstances can be attributed to this retreat, which rubbishes Israel’s own high-pitched rhetoric that it was raring to go. Despite…
License to Muzzle: Taking Offence at Flag Wavers for Hezbollah
It was done for the Viet Cong in numerous countries during the US involvement in Vietnam. It was done for the African National Congress (ANC). It was done for the…
Does Reducing Internal Distress Get Adequate and Proper Place in USA Elections
For any society to be able to reduce its internal distress significantly the first step is to come face to face honestly and sincerely with the level and causes of…
The Crisis of America’s Public Defenders
by John J. Donohue and Eric A. Baldwin STANFORD – The public-defender system in the United States is plagued by underfunding, overwhelming caseloads, and entrenched inequalities. Public defenders, who manage…
Globalisation
80 years is enough: Fight for food, land, and climate justice! Shut down the IMF-World Bank!
Rural peoples’ movements and communities demand the shutdown of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. Over the past 80 years, imperialist governments and their transnational corporations (TNCs) have…
Comparing How the West and China Offer Loans to Developing Countries
Established Western economic institutions are facing a formidable challenge from Chinese newcomers, each side offering distinct and competitive lending strategies with far-reaching consequences for global infrastructure and development. In October…
It’s Not Capitalism… It’s MONEYISM!!
Here it is from an old college buddy and confidante of mine, J D. This former progressive talk radio host and socialist thinker nailed it with his commentary on things…
Why Garment Workers in Bangladesh are on Strike
Bangladesh is a major producer of garments supplying to world’s top brands such as H & M, Lewis, Gucci, Zara and many others. Nearly 4.0 million workers, mostly women toil…
Tossing Neoliberalism into the Dumpster
It’s official, according to a speech by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan, the United States is jumping off the neoliberal globalization bandwagon (a root cause of domestic extremism) and it…
Corporatizing the World One Small Company at a Time
I remember when my small town lost its last family owned and run pharmacy — a beautiful, old, turn of the century store and a high quality company that the…
Human Rights
The Saga of Hope – Guruvammal
On the night of September 27th, I was asked to accompany my colleagues to meet a grandmother named Guruvammal to update her about the case. I was astonished to find…
Condemn The Arrest Of Kartik Naik In Sijimali, Odisha
Bhubaneswar, Odisha: We, unequivocally condemn the arrest of Kartik Naik, a vocal and committed leader of the struggle against Vedanta’s bauxite mining in South Odisha. Thirty-year-old Kartik was picked up…
Protection of Children’s Fundamental Rights
Children's fundamental rights are those essential rights required for every child's survival, growth, development, and protection. Safeguarding these rights is not only crucial for their well-being but also essential for…
Missouri to Palestine-Where is feminism in murder?
The state of Missouri murdered Marcellus “Khaliifah” Williams on Tuesday, September 24th, at 6 pm central time. His last meal was chicken wings and tater tots; his last words were,…
Mental Health and Prison
"Jails and prisons are designed to break human beings, to convert the population into specimens in a zoo - obedient to our keepers, but dangerous to each other" - Angela…
Why new cases framed against Rupesh?
It is deeply concerning that new cases are reportedly being framed against political prisoner Rupesh, who has been imprisoned in Viyyur Central Jail for nearly ten years under accusations of…
Imperialism
Militarism Abuse Disorder-A Very American Malaise
My name is Frida and my community is military dependent. (I feel, by the way, like I’m introducing myself at a very strange AA-like meeting with lousy coffee.) As with people…
Power at the US Empire’s (Not OK) Corral
Today, Americans are getting an education in reality that generally cannot be bought, although it might not quite seem that way. We are seeing Israel committing genocide as it is…
A Short Overview of Making Colonial Empires by European Powers from the Time of the Vienna Congress up to WWI (1815−1914)
The period in the world’s history from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the beginning of the Great War (1914) is usually labeled as the “golden age” of…
USA: From the Arsenal of Democracy to an Arsenal of Genocide
During World War II, American leaders proudly proclaimed this country the “arsenal of democracy,” supplying weapons and related materiel to allies like Great Britain and the Soviet Union. To cite just…
Who Wants to Kill and Die for the American Empire?
The Associated Press reports that many of the recruits drafted under Ukraine’s new conscription law lack the motivation and military indoctrination required to actually aim their weapons and fire at…
Imperialism in the Indo-Pacific—An Introduction
by John Bellamy Foster and Brett Clark Indo-Pacific is a term with a long history within the imperialist lexicon. It originated in the writings of Karl Haushofer, the leading German geopolitical theorist, in his…
Communal Harmony
Appeal for Communal Harmony in Himachal Pradesh
We hail the large-scale participation in the peace and unity march by members of the civil society and democratic groups on 27th September 2024 in Shimla and Solan against the…
The Perils of Religious Nationalism: A Contemporary Dilemma
Abstract: Religious nationalism is a subject of critical importance in much of the world today. As the resurgence of religious nationalism in various parts of the world is a phenomenon…
Godi media’s campaign of lies in the name of a Delhi Minorities Commission report
Godi media channels and websites are carrying out a propaganda campaign these days. It is claimed that Delhi Minorities Commission (DMC) and Delhi Waqf Board (DWB) want to grab Hindu…
Urgent Appeal to Stand by the Rights of the Minority Religious Community in Shimla
We belong to Shimla, Himachal Pradesh and are deeply aggrieved by the gravity of circumstances that have built up in the last few weeks around the Mosque in Sanjauli, Shimla.…
Combating Islamophobia: A task overdue
In July 2024 England witnessed riots and unrest in several cities. They were precipitated mainly due to misinformation and anti immigration sentiments among the people. In these riots Muslims were the main…
Rising Communal Tensions in Odisha
Odisha, India – The Ganatantrik Adhikar Suraksha Sangathan (GASS) expresses concern over the rising communal tensions in Odisha, a state traditionally known for its peace and harmony. Recent developments, including…
Climate Change
Sleepless and Fearful When Hurricane Milton Made Landfall
Since I couldn’t sleep, I figured I might as well write. I couldn’t sleep because of the picture in my mind—that tightly coiled ball of physics we’re calling Hurricane Milton…
Burn the Planet and Lock Up the Dissidents
The fossil fuel industry, and the politician class they own, have no intention of halting the ecocide. As the climate crisis worsens, so do the laws and security measures to…
Can You Afford Climate Change?
Consumer pocketbooks are taking the heat. Climate change is no longer a theoretical issue that will happen at some distant point in the future, like 2050 or 2100. Already, unprecedented…
Brazil’s Climate Push Must Start at Home
AMSTERDAM – Ever since Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva returned to office in 2023 and told the world that Brazil is “back on the world stage,” the government…
Hurricane Helene devastates a wide swathe of southeastern United States
The largest hurricane to hit the US mainland this year, Hurricane Helene hit the Florida coastline late Thursday as a Category Four storm, devastating much of the Big Bend area…
Climate Week/NYC – Oh, Well!
Climate Week/NYC September 22-29, 2024, is underway and expects 100,000 attendees for cocktails, hors d’oeuvres, and expensive rooms in NYC’s ultra-expensive hotels amidst breast-pounding speeches and promises to fix civilizations’…
Environmental Protection
Save Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary
A grave threat looms over one of Assam's most important wildlife sanctuaries, the *Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary*. In these difficult times, we must protect our precious sanctuary at all costs. 👉…
Urgency of Checking Fast-Increasing Risks of Land-Subsidence
On May 1 this year a highly tragic incident on a highway in Guangdong province of China received worldwide attention. Over 20 cars fell down one after the other in…
The Perils of Modern Agriculture: A Threat to Future Sustainability
The pursuit of agricultural productivity has led to practices that are increasingly unsustainable. The world has grappled with the dual challenges of eradicating hunger and preserving the health of our…
GM Lobbyists Target Staple Food of Billions—Rice and Wheat
A wake-up call before it is too late—the most important food crops—staple food of billions of people—rice and wheat are being targeted by GM crop promoting big business interests and…
Farmers’ Rejection of GM Potatoes Supported by Senior Scientist
On September 19 nearly 100 civil society representatives, farmer organizations, scientists and academics of Nigeria issued a statement calling upon their government to discontinue plans to introduce GM potatoes and…
A Faustian Bargain with Corporate Power: From Monsanto to Bayer, the Worst of Both Worlds
Environmentalist and campaigner Rosemary Mason has been relentlessly exposing the insidious effects of agrochemicals on human health and the environment through a decade-long series of incisive reports. Many of these…
Counter Solutions
Ask (Not) What You Can Do for Your Planet
No one wants a nuclear reactor in their backyard. It’s an eyesore and a health hazard, not to mention the hit to your property values. And don’t forget the existential…
On Jugaad
Jugaaḍ is a non-conventional, frugal innovation, in Indian subcontinent. It also includes innovative fixes or a simple workaround, solutions that bend the rules, or resources that can be used in…
How Increasing Self-Reliance of Villages Can be a Very Useful Part of Climate Response
Climate change mitigation and adaptation are two very important challenges of our times, important for all countries, regions and people. However the response must be in tune with the livelihood…
Certainty
I struggle to strike a balance between certainty and circumspection. Our culture has a tendency to favor certainty, while one of my favorite and frequent fall-backs—seldom wrong—is: “we don’t know.”…
Ancient settlements show that commoning is ‘natural’ for humans, not selfishness and competition
When I’ve had conversations about the commons with right-leaning people (and sometimes cynical people on the left too), a typical response might be something along the lines of: ‘don’t waste your time…
On Composting Space
Oh! Shit! Yes, let us talk some shit! All animals shit, including human beings. What happens to the shit? It gets composted and goes back to soil. That is until…
Resource Crisis
The Project of Capital and the Project of the Proletariat in a time of World Crisis
ABSTRACT This is a response to the two sets of articles written by Sajai Jose on the Fourth Industrial Revolution and on the world’s and India’s hunger crisis. It is…
Sustaining the Unsustainable: Why Renewable Energy Companies Are Not Climate Warriors
In the fight to address climate change, renewable energy companies are often assumed to be Jedi Knights. Valiantly struggling to save the planet, wind and solar interests are thought to…
The Gritty Reality of Solar Power
by Priti Gulati Cox and Stan Cox Time is fast running out. The world’s affluent nations, with their abundant greenhouse emissions, have to finally drag themselves across the starting line…
Solidarity with Resistance to Extraction
by Don Fitz and the Green Party of St. Louis People the world over are opposing fossil fuel extraction in an incalculable number of ways. It is now clear that…
Will There Be Resource Wars in a Renewable Future?
Thanks to its very name — renewable energy — we can picture a time in the not-too-distant future when our need for non-renewable fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal…
The Growth Of Fascism Or The Fascism Of Growth?
Bear with me, scrupulous historians, as I try to run through some questions and parallels between centuries that I hope will enrich the essential debate on how to confront the…
Patriarchy
Disentangling Khap Preeminence: A Feminist Critique
by Syed Wajahat Ali & Zuberiya Nauman “ women’s freedom is the sign of social freedom” ~ Rosa Luxemburg Abstract Women have to go through a life and…
Treat a woman; a human!
Dhoom Forever? Boyssss and Wolves. (Where does the remedy lie?) Treat a woman; a human! How do you feel when you read a Rape Report? Do you check for religion?…
The Patriarchal Politics of Security
On August 9, 2024, a female doctor at R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, was brutally raped and murdered in a seminar room on the fourth floor, where she had gone to rest…
On Desire, Power & Ethics: What RG Kar Rape Victim’s Name Going Viral On Google Tells Us About Our Society’s Moral Position on Women?
by Azmat Sadiq & Gunjan Das In the wake of nationwide protests over the brutal rape and murder of a resident doctor at R.G. Kar Medical College in Kolkata, there…
The Patriarchal War on Indian Women
On August 9, 2024, a female doctor at R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata, was brutally raped and murdered in a seminar room on the fourth floor, where she had gone to rest…
Who should Jaya (Bhaduri) Bachchan be?
Very recently, I watched the Bachchan vs Dhankhar showdown during a Rajya Sabha session. The treatment of Jaya Bachchan, an actor turned politician since 2012, and a 5th time elected…
Palestine
UNGA and ICJ join the Crusade for East Jerusalem
Many were shocked when the UN General Assembly (UNGA) adopted its new Resolution A/RES/ES-10/24 on 18 September 2024; a Resolution that can indeed be described as a ground-breaking, not least…
Historic ICC War Crimes Complaint Names 1,000 Israeli Soldiers
A Belgium-based advocacy group on Tuesday announced it "filed an unprecedented and historic complaint with the International Criminal Court against 1,000 Israeli occupation forces soldiers for war crimes, crimes against…
A Year of Genocide – Despite the Unbelievable Pain, Palestinians Emerge Stronger
No one had expected that one year would be enough to recenter the Palestinian cause as the world’s most pressing issue, and that millions of people across the globe, would,…
Israel expands ethnic cleansing and deliberate starvation in northern Gaza
One year after the start of the Gaza genocide, Israel, with the support of US imperialism, is only intensifying its extermination and ethnic cleansing of the civilian population of Gaza.…
Palestine And The People Of The World
Israel’s wanton aggression against Lebanon has overshadowed an important decision made by the UN General Assembly linked to the violence and wars that mark our present moment in history. On…
The Resistance Axis Evaluates The Field: It begins the second year of the war over Palestine with greater confidence
An entire year has now passed since the Palestinian uprising of October 7. As we enter the second year of this war, it is important to take stock of the…
South Asia
Presidential Marxism: AKD and the Sri Lankan Elections
Anura Kumara Dissanayake, known with convenient laziness as AKD, became Sri Lanka’s latest president after a runoff count focusing on preferential votes. The very fact that it went to a…
Bangladesh’s July-August Uprising: A Student Movement That Transcended Quota Reform
The July-August 2024 student-public uprising in Bangladesh began with a call for government job quota reforms but swiftly evolved into a profound challenge to the political status quo. What started…
The Left Wins Presidential Election in Sri Lanka
by Atul Chandra and Vijay Prashad On September 22, 2024, the Sri Lankan election authority announced that Anura Kumara Dissanayake of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)-led National People’s Power (NPP)…
“There is enough negativity. We should remember the positive, for a better future”: India-Pakistan and Transformative Nostalgia
The independence of the Indian subcontinent from British Rule was accompanied by a partition on religious lines. One of the largest migrations in human history, the partition witnessed unimaginable violence…
De-dollarize to De-colonize: Sri Lanka must Pivot to the BRICS, Embrace the Asian 21st Century after Elections
In the run up to elections the post-Marxist National People’s Party (NPP), has run a high-gloss, foreign-funded, election campaign to market its policies as a ‘new dawn’. Remarkably, the NPP…
Post-Hasina Bangladesh and the Indian media
On August 5, 2024, a student led mass uprising ended Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her Awami League government’s decade and a half long despotic rule in Bangladesh. Hasina fled…
Annihilate Caste
Court Rebukes Caste-Based Discrimination in Prisons
In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court has directed all states and union territories to immediately amend prison rules to stop caste-based discrimination and segregation of labor in prisons. The…
Poona Pact and Its Adverse Effects
Caste is considered to be the cornerstone of Indian Hindu society. In this structure of hierarchical inequality, the untouchables are at the lowest level, who were officially called 'Depressed Classes'…
Has the Caste Vanished?
Amid the twin issues of Caste Census and Sub-categorization of reservation of SCs/STs and ‘creamy layer’ among SCs, it must be remembered that caste issues have always been tweaked and…
Justice Chandru Committee’s Report On Caste Discrimination In Tamilnadu’s Schools – More notable are the attitudes and responses in the Periyarist state
The one-man committee of Justice K Chandru handed over its 600-page report to the the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, MK Stalin (second from Right) on June 18, 2024. Three…
Empowering the last person of the most marginalised sections was the dream of Dr Ambedkar
Vidya Bhushan Rawat's conversation with Ambedkarite writer Sanjeev Khudshah on why he supports classification of the scheduled castes for reservation purposes Sanjeev Khudshah was born on 12 February 1973 in…
The Morality of “Paying Back” amidst the Academic Uncertainties among Dalit Early Career Researcher
How does the moral obligation to ‘pay back to society’ manifest in the lives of early-career researchers (ECRs) from the Dalit community? While this obligation is imperative for social justice,…
Life/Philosophy
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Multiple Secular Thoughts
Syed Ahmad Taqvi bin Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, KCSI (Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India), commonly known as Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), was an Islamic pragmatist,…
V.C. Harris (1958-2017): A ‘Text’ Beyond Boundaries
The creative mind that was V.C. Harris has long since become a ‘text’—an enduring narrative fused into the cultural and intellectual history of Kerala. It is rare, in any age,…
Old Age Is Wasted by the Old
After Joe Biden was shuffled off stage on trumped-up charges of senility, I started thinking seriously about the weaponization of old age in our world. Who gets credit for old…
Birth of ‘Hind Swarajya’
'Hind Swarajya' was born in the middle of the ocean on a ship called 'Kildonan Castle'! Gandhiji worked very hard during this stay! In a letter written to Maganlal Gandhi…
Mahatma Gandhi’s Birth Anniversary Comes at A Time When the World Is Deeply Threatened by War, Conflict and Environmental Crisis
The choice is no longer between violence and non-violence. It is now either non-violence or non-existence. ---Martin Luther King I and others may be revolutionaries, but we are the disciples…
On the occasion of 92nd birth anniversary of Hamid Dalwai
Hamid Dalwai was born on 29 September 1932 in a village named Mirjoli near Chiplun in Konkan. His father was a Maulvi and he wished that his son also becomes…
Arts/Literature
‘Perfect Days’ – A Gandhian Advertisement for ‘Toilet Project’
My friends invited me to join them for the screening of ‘Perfect Days’ movie. In spite of my submission work, I decided to go for the screening as they mentioned…
Looking Up
I realized recentlyThatIf you look up at a pine treeFrom a certain angleWith both of your feetPlanted deep in its shadowIts branches become never-ending.Standing there like that, you can seeHow…
A Pearl inside an Oyster: A Tribute to Maestro S D Burman
Love one another but make not a bond of love: Let it rather be a moving sea between the shores of your souls…Give your hearts, but not each other’s keeping.…
Gullible audience applauds Gandhi killer Nathuram Godse
The play Nathuram Godse Must Die written and directed by Bharat Dabholkar is wildly propagandist , glorifies the murderer of Mahatma Gandhi and is full of distortions even while it…
Wait till you see K K’s lights!
That was my introduction to K K Mahajan, at 27, with two National Awards, already a ‘star’ cinematographer, with his characteristic long hair and aquiline features. As a research student in Sociology at Bombay University,…
The twosome Salim-Javed ‘script’ gone wrong!
I watched the three-parts docu-series ‘Angry Young Men’ based on the lives and times of the writer duo Salim-Javed, with quite an attention, as both these men, despite the fact,…
Book Review
What Should the Shudras Do?
This is the final chapter of Kancha Ilaiah Shepherd's, groundbreaking work 'The Shudra Rebellion' that promises to reshape our understanding of Indian civilization and culture. In this compelling book, Ilaiah…
Visualizing Palestine
For the most part coffee-table books serve only two purposes: They look aesthetic in a living room, and they lend faux intellectual credibility to their owners: The second, of course,…
The Violence of Development: New Version of the book Food, Dependency and Dispossession: Resisting the New World Order
A revised version (September 2024) of the open-access e-book ‘Food Dependency and Dispossession: Resisting the New World Order’ (2022) by Colin Todhunter is now available. A brand-new concluding chapter,…
Nehru: The Invention of India by Shashi Tharoor
"Nehru: The Invention of India", penned by Shashi Tharoor in 2003, is a nuanced exploration of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister. This work serves as a compelling biography that…
Syeda’s Story: Glimpse into the lives of Home based Women Workers
Home-based workers in India represent a significant yet often overlooked segment of the labor force. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), there are approximately 37.4 million home-based workers in…
A New Book On Bicycle
‘The Bicycle in India: Selected Articles and Stories’ by T. Vijayendra. Hyderabad, 2024, Ecologise Hyderabad. Price Rs. 100/ This is a book about the bicycle in India in the context…
Editor's Picks
Climate Change: Why Should The Global South Pay For The Profligacy Of The Likes Of Taylor Swift, Elon Musk?
Climate change is a threat facing the whole of humanity. The real generators of this crisis are the developed economies of the Global North. They found a way to circumvent…
Deaths in Gaza and Us
Death is normal unless if it happens one of our dear and near ones. 40000+ (as per official figures) people have been killed in Gaza. According to The Lancet almost…
Landslide In Wayanad Is Only The Beginning!
On the morning of July 30, a huge landslide occurred at Mundakkai, in the mountainous district of Wayanad, Kerala, India. 282 people have been confirmed dead and many hundreds are…
Stories that can bring a positive change deserve to be called news: Binu Mathew
At a time when the Indian media is increasingly being controlled by the rich and dominated by the caste elites, Countercurrents.org has set up an example of giving space to…
A People’s Manifesto for Ecological Democracy – 2.0
This is an updated version of the “People’s Manifesto for Ecological Democracy” that Countercurrents.org published on 15th August 2020, where we set out a broad framework on how India should…
Countercurrents.org Resisting Fascism Since 2002; Save This People’s Journal; Make Liberal Financial Contributions for Its Survival. Now!
I have before me the following documents: “Why should Binu Mathew while struggling day and night to make the voices for justice heard, struggle even today with appeals for subscriptions?”…
COVID Response Watch
Shadow of Covid lingers over the erstwhile Kingdom of Cooch Behar
The princely state of Cooch Behar merged with the Dominion of India on August 8, 1949 and became a part of the State of West Bengal on January 1, 1950.…
Public life in MP disrupted by heavy rains linked to climate change
Roads are crumbling, bridges are collapsing and railway lines are flooded . The surging waters from the rivers are drowning entire villages all around. It has rained so much that…
Hanging by a thread, Sheffield of the East
Sometimes it was a rise in pig iron prices due to disruption of supply chains due to the Covid pandemic. Now you can find the Ukraine War as a reason…
Malnutrition and death of children decreased in the system, increased in reality
In Maharashtra, the administration has been claiming that there is a steady decline in the number of malnutrition and child deaths in the state. But, in recent figures that have…
When Forest Rights meets Right to Education
With the horrors of the deadly virus still in the air, this would appear to be like a remarkable fairy tale in the post-Covid pandemic scenario, almost like a dream…
Uttarakhand In Need of Climate Resilient Agriculture Practices
In the last few years, we have been witnessing erratic, unpredictable and unexpected changes in climate, which are more perceptible in the Himalayan region of the country. These changes are…
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